ADVERBS

 

Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण ):-

An Adverb is a word ( Part of Speech )  which qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Sometimes an Adverb also qualifies Preposition, Conjunction, Noun , Pronoun and Sentence. 

क्रिया विशेषण उन शब्दों को कहा जाता है जो किसी क्रिया , विशेषण या अन्य क्रिया विशेषण की विशेषता बताते  हैं  या इनके बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी प्रदान करते हैं।   

For Example :-

Sonika writes very well.

( writes -verb  , very well - adverb )

He is completely idiot person. 

( idiot-adjective, completely-adverb)

The snail moves very slowly. 

( slowly-adverb, very-adverb)

इन वाक्यों में very well , completely व very अपने बाद प्रयुक्त verb , Adj. व adverb को qualify करने का कार्य कर रहे हैं और इन्हे Adverb कहा जाता है। 

 

Kinds of Adverb :-

प्रयोग के आधार पर Adverb को निम्नलिखित प्रकारों में बाँटा जा सकता है :-

1. Adverb of Time :-

before, today, tomorrow, yesterday, since, ago, last day, next day, already, late, just, daily, early, soon ...........etc.  

2.Adverb of Manner:-

fast, hard, slowly, bravely, loudly, badly, carefully, clearly, faithfully, well, seriously, so ........etc. 

3.Adverb of Place:-

anywhere, here, there, up, within, in, out, without, away, down, above, below, far, indoors, outside......etc.

4.Adverb of Number:- 

once, twice, again, seldom, always, never, often, scarcely, rarely, frequently, firstly.......etc.

5. Adverb of Quantity:-

too, very, quite, enough, rather, fairly, entirely, altogether, almost, partly, so, well, wholly, ......etc

6. Adverb of Reason:-

hence, therefore, consequently......

7. Adverb of Affirmation / Negation:-

not, surely, certainly, indeed, by no means, yes, no.......

8. Adverb of Interrogation:-

when, how long, where, whence, how much, how far, how, what, why, how many times......

..............................

 

MODALS FOR ALL CLASSES

 

We have studied about Modals in our previous classes. Modals are Auxiliary Verbs in their form. Let's revise them again.

                            

             Verb

      _________|_________

Main verb.                Auxiliary Verb(24)

  _____________________|_____

Primary Aux.             Modal Aux.

is,am, are                  will, would,shall, 

was, were                  should, can, could, 

has,have, had          may,might must,  

do, does, did            used to,ought to,

 (11)                             need, dare

                                         (13)

                                                   

Usage of Modals :-

(1) Will :-

(i) Will का प्रयोग second व  third person के subjects साथ  Future Tense के लिए किया जाता है। 

He will come tomorrow.

She will sing a song.

You will draw a picture. etc.

(ii) will का प्रयोग यदि first person के लिए किया जाए तो यह किसी दृढ़ निश्चय, वचन, आदेश ( determination, promise, command etc.) का बोध कराएगा ।

I will clear this exam.

We will help them in every condition.

Note:- In modern English, there is a practice to use " will" with all persons.

(iii) will का प्रयोग Modal के तौर पर किसी साधारण प्रस्ताव, निमंत्रण, आग्रह या आदेश ( simple offer, suggestion, invitation, request etc.) के लिए होता है। 

Will you take tea? (simple request)

Will you help me? 

(2) Would:-

(i) would का प्रयोग will की Past Form के लिए होता है :-

Ex.

I said to him," She will go there."

I told him that she would go there.

(ii)  किसी past habit  को express करने के लिए :-

Gandhi ji would spin every morning.

He would go for a walk daily.

(iii) किसी polite request ( विनम्र अनुरोध) के लिए प्रश्नवाचक रूप मे :-

Would you like to have a cup of tea? ( polite request)

Would you please listen to me?

(iv)  किसी इच्छा, प्रस्ताव, निमंत्रण, चयन आदि  ( wish, offer, invitation, choice etc.) के लिए इस प्रकार होता है:-

I would like to share my views on........

I would rather die than beg.

(v) किसी संभावना ( possibility )  को दर्शाने के लिए :-

He would be his brother.

That would be a good idea.

(vi) Exclamatory Sentences में would का प्रयोग किसी प्रबल इच्छा ( strong desire)  को दर्शाने के लिए इस प्रकार होता है:-

Would that he were there!

Would that I were be the Prime Minister!

(vii) किसी अधूरे कार्य की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए ( for unfulfilled action) :-

If you had invited me, I would have attended the function.

He would not have done this work without my help.

( Str.:- would+have/ haven't+ V3)

(viii) भविष्य में किसी दृढ़ निश्चय ( determination) के लिए:-

Whatever may happen, I would go there.

I would support you in these elections.

(3) Shall:-

(i) shall का प्रयोग aux. के तौर पर  first person के subject के साथ future tense के लिए V1 के साथ होता है:-

I shall write a letter.

We shall go for a picnic tomorrow.

(ii) किसी अति सामान्य प्रस्ताव, सुझाव, अनुमति, इच्छा आदि (for simple offer, suggestion, permission, desire etc.) को दर्शाने के लिए प्रश्नवाचक रूप में:-

Shall I open the gate for you?

Shall I park my car here?

(iii) यदि shall का प्रयोग second/ third person के  subject के साथ होता है तो वहां किसी आदेश, वचन या दृढ़ निश्चय (command, determination etc.) का बोध होगा :-

You shall sit here quietly. ( command)

He shall complete his work. ( Det.)

(4) Should:-

(i) shall  की past form के रूप में :-

I said to him," I shall do this work."

I told him that I should do that work.

(ii) Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग किसी नैतिक दायित्व  (moral obligation) के लिए होता है:-

We should respect our elders.

You should speak the truth.

He should help the poor.

(iii) किसी सलाह (Advice), आवश्यकता (requirement), संभावना (possibility)  के भाव में :-

You should consult a doctor soon.

There should be a hospital in this village.

I think he should come to my party.

(iv) किसी शर्त वाचक वाक्य में (conditional sentence) ,  if के  स्थान पर इस तरह :-

Should it rains, I shall not go there.

Should he not come, what shall we do?

(v) किसी उद्देश्य का अर्थ बतलाने के लिए-- ( lest....... should) :-

Work hard lest you should fail.

Walk fast lest you should miss the train.

Note:- lest  के साथ हमेशा should का प्रयोग होता है। इसका अर्थ होता है -- ऐसा ना हो की कहीं -- और यह अपने आप में negative होता है।

(vi) किसी औपचारिक सूचना / निर्देश के लिए :-

Candidate should write his roll no. on this sheet.

Each team should reach in time.

(5) Can :-

(i) किसी मानसिक या शारीरिक योग्यता ( physical or mental ability) को दर्शाने के लिए :-

I can swim.

She can read French.

Rohan can solve this problem.

(ii) किसी सामान्य अनुमति मांगने व प्रदान करने के लिए ( to express simple permission) :-

You can go now.

Can I use your phone?

You can't sit here.

(iii) किसी सामान्य अनुरोध या प्रस्ताव के लिए ( for simple request/ offer) :-

Can I bring a chair for you?

Can I carry your luggage?

(iv) किसी प्रबल संभावना के लिए ( to express strong possibility) :-

It can ran today. 

This news can be true.

(v) किसी स्वभावगत विशेषता / आदत के लिए ( natural habit) :-

A snake can bite.

A deceitful person can deceive anyone.

(vi) Phrasal use of ' Can' - मुहावरेदार भाषा में :-

I can't help laughing at that moment. -- इसका अर्थ होता है कि मैं उस समय अपने आप को हंसने से नहीं रोक पाया।

(6) Could :-

(i) can की past form के रूप में:-

Vineet said," I can lift fifty kgs weight."

Vineet said that he could lift fifty kgs weight.

(ii) किसी past ability को दर्शाने के लिए:-

I could run very fast when I was young.

She could pass the exam.

(iii) किसी अति विनम्र अनुरोध ( for polite request) के लिए :-

Could you lend me your necklace, please ?

Could I use your pen ?

(iv) सामान्य सलाह ( for common advice) के लिए :-

You could write an application to the D.C.

You could tell me about this matter.

(v) वर्तमान समय में किसी अवास्तविक स्थिति ( unreal condition) की संभावना के लिए :-

If I had some more money, I could buy a new car.

If he had studied well, he could get good marks.

(vi) Past में किसी अवास्तविक स्थिति ( unreal condition) के लिए इस प्रकार वाक्य निर्माण होता है :-

( Could + have+ V3)

Neha could have passed the exam.

They could have helped me.

(7) May :-

(i) Formal style  में अनुमति मांगने या देने ( to take or give permission) के लिए :-

May I come in, sir?

You may start to write now.

May I ask a question?

Note:-  इस प्रकार के sentences में can की बजाय may का प्रयोग अधिक correct

होता है।

(ii) किसी विनम्र अनुरोध ( polite request) के लिए:-

May I help you?

May I carry your luggage?

(iii) इच्छात्मक वाक्यों ( Optative Sentences)  में wish या prayer के लिए :-

May you live long!

May God bless you!

(iv) मध्यम संभावना  ( medium possibility)  वाले वाक्यों में :-

It may rain today. 

The Principal may be in his office.

(v) अनिश्चय / आश्चर्य  वाले ( uncertainty/ surprise) वाक्यों में:-

Who may be knocking at the door ?

Who may be there at this time?

(vi) भूतकाल में किसी कल्पना के लिए  ( imagination in the past ) :-

 ( May+ have+ V3)

Mohit may have worked hard.

You may have done this task.

(vi) so that/ that/ in order that से joint clauses में purpose बताने के लिए:-

We eat so that we may live.

He worked hard in order that he may succeed.

(8) Might :-

(i) May की past form के लिए:-

He said to me ," I may teach you English."

He told me that he might teach me English.

(ii)  अति कम संभावना  (less possibility) वाले वाक्यों में :-

It might rain today.

The Principal might be in his office.

(iii)  अति विनम्र अनुरोध ( most polite request) के लिए :-

Might I ask a question?

Might I come with you?

( iv) Past tense में किसी purpose को  express करने के लिए :-

He worked hard so that he might get good rank.

I ran so fast so that I might catch the train.

(v) Past में किसी अपूर्ण क्षीण संभावना  ( unfulfilled weak possibility) के लिए :-

( Might+ have+ V3)

Our team might have won the match.

The doctors might have saved his life. 

(9) Must :-

(i) वर्तमान/ भविष्य की किसी अनिवार्यता या आवश्यकता के लिए   (for compulsion or necessity) :-

I must leave now.

You must vacate the room immediately.

(ii) किसी स्थायी नियम, आदेश या मनाही के लिए (for fixes rule, order, prohibition) :-

We must follow the traffic rules.

All students must be present in the test.

(iii) किसी प्रबल या अनिवार्य  सलाह/ दृढ़ निश्चय के लिए ( strong advice/ determination) :-

He must give up smoking.

They must control the disturbed situation.

(iv) किसी प्रबल संभावना के लिए  (strong possibility) :-

There must be a mistake in total.

There must be something wrong.

(v) कर्तव्य पालन के सशक्त भावना के लिए ( for emphatic sense of duty) :-

A soldier must fight for his country.

A student must be hard working and sincere.

(vi) किसी सटीक या लगभग सही अनुमान के लिए ( for a correct guess) :-

( Must+ have+ V3)

You must have studied grammar.

You must have heard his name.

(10) Used to :-

( Used to और would के प्रयोग में कुछ समानताएं है परन्तु discontinued state -- जो कार्य अब नहीं होता -- में सदैव का प्रयोग होगा।)

(i) Past  में किसी नियमित या आदतन कार्य के लिए ( regular/ habitual action) :-

Gandhi ji used to spin for an hour.

I used to walk 10 kms every day.

(ii) किसी व्यक्ति या स्थान की past time  की अवस्था -- discontinued state -- को दर्शाने के लिए :-

There used to be a temple here.

He used to be a good player of hockey.

She used to study six hours but now she studies only two hours.

(iii) used to  का यदि adjective के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाए तो इसका अर्थ होता है -- आदि होना / अभ्यस्त होना। इसके बाद में आने वाली verb अपनी form  भी change कर सकती है।

He is used to watching movies.

They are used to dust.

The peddler was not used to this kind of treatment. 

Note :- negative sense होने पर not को  used और to के बीच में प्रयोग करते हैं।

He used not to work hard.

They used not to live in a Metro city.

(11) Ought to :-

Ought to का अर्थ लगभग  should जैसा ही होता है और दोनों modals के प्रयोग में काफी समानताएं है।

(i) किसी नैतिक दायित्व / किसी सलाह के लिए ( for moral obligation/ for an advice ) :-

We ought to respect our elders.

You ought to speak truth.

You ought to take exercise daily.

(ii) किसी प्रबल संभावना के लिए  (strong possibility) :-

India ought to win this match .

She ought to get first position.

(iii) किसी भी तत्काल आवश्यकता के लिए ( urgent need/ requirement) :-

We ought to build a new house.

There ought to be some more benches in class.

(iv) भूतकाल में किसी moral obligation/ duty  के लिए इस प्रकार से :-

He ought to have attended the meeting.

She ought to have secured first position.

Note:- ऊपर वर्णित सभी examples  में ought to के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग भी किया जा सकता है।

(12) Need :-

Need को  Main verb तथा Modal  के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। Need  का प्रयोग present tense में singular व plural दोनों ही sense में किया जाता है।

I need a book on History.

He needs a bike.

They need some money.  etc.

ऊपर वर्णित सभी वाक्यों में need का प्रयोग main verb  के रूप में किया गया है।

Modal के तौर पर Need का प्रयोग प्राय negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाता है। किसी भी मनाही, आवश्यकता और संदेह की अवस्था में need का प्रयोग होता है।

Need you go there?

No , I needn't.

Need I change my dress?

No , you needn't.

(ii) Modal के रूप में need का प्रयोग हमेशा  plural sense  में ही होता है।

Need she buy a new book now?

He need not to worry about this.

(iii) Negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में need  के साथ to का प्रयोग नहीं होता है और sense भी plural होती है।

He need not any help.

They need not pay attention to this matter.

Need Rohan talk to him?

(13) Dare :-

Dare का अर्थ होता है - कोई चुनौती या दुस्साहस होना (  challenge/ to be courage enough) 

Dare को  Main verb तथा Modal  के रूप में प्रयोग किया जा सकता है। 

(i)  Modal के तौर पर Dare का प्रयोग प्राय negative और Interrogative वाक्यों में किया जाता है। 

Dare he contest election ?

How dare you enter the room?

He dare not write to S.P.

(ii)  Affirmative sentence में Dare को मुख्य क्रिया की तरह  प्रयोग करने पर यह  singular or  plural दोनों sense में प्रयोग होता है।

He dares to go there.

They dare to oppose him.

She dared to protest over her final score.

(iii) Dare not का प्रयोग सदा plural sense में होता है और इसके बाद ' to '  का प्रयोग भी नहीं होता है।

He dare not speak a word.

They dare not reach here in this weather.

RAJENDER SINGH 

LECT IN ENGLISH

GGSSS KAIRU (BHIWANI)

 

Silent Letters in English Words

In English language , there are many words which have silent letters . These letters are used  in writing  these words , but they are not spoken / pronounced. Therefore, many people make mistakes in the correct pronunciation of these words. In today's article, we will learn about some such words, which contain one or more silent letters. So let's start:- 

With 'B' silent :-

 doubt, debt, subtle,  comb, tomb,   etc. 

With 'C' silent :-

science, scientist, scissors, conscious, concise disciple, discipline, descent, muscle ascend,  descend ,fascinate    etc. 

With 'D' Silent :-

badge, budget, edge, hedge, wedge, adjective, ridge, bridge, ledge, ledger, etc.

With 'G' silent:-

sign, design, resign, foreign,  assignment, gnarl, gnaw, phlegm, campaign ,champagne etc

With 'H' silent :-

honour, hour, honorarium, honest, etc. 

With 'K' silent :-

knife, knight, knee, know, kneel, knock, knob, knot, knead, knack, knowledge etc.

With 'L' silent :-

talk, walk, chalk, palm, balm, calm, calf, half, could, should, would, etc. 

With 'N' silent :-

autumn, column, damn, condemn, hymn, solemn, etc.

With 'P' silent :-

psychology, receipt, psychiatrist, pneumonia, etc.

With 'S' silent :-

isle, island, aisle,etc.

With 'T' silent :-

nestle, listen, whistle, often, wrestle, fasten, hustle, bustle, castle,  mortgage, watch, Christmas, match etc.

With 'U' silent :-

biscuit, build, circuit, disguise, guess, guide, guest, guilty, tounge guard etc. 

With 'W' silent :-

answer, awry, wrap, wrist, write, wrong, wrath, wreck, wrench, wrestle, etc.

Compiled by :-

Rajender Tanwar 

Lect. in English

GGSSS KAIRU ( BHIWANI)

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

 

Active and Passive Voice:- This is an important topic of Grammar for all classes and competition exams. It is very easy to understand the voices , if it is studied step by step .

What is Voice:- " Voice" is that form of a verb which shows whether what is denoted by the subject " does something or has something done to it " 

we know very well that verb has two types in respect of object :-

1. Transitive Verb ( Verb that takes/requires an Object .)

He plays cricket. 

I sing a song.

They purchased a new car . 

2. Intransitive Verb ( Verb that does not take/require an Object ) 

I laugh .

The birds fly.

The baby sleeps. 

Transitive verb has two Voices:-

Active Voice :- A verb is said to be in the Active Voice (AV) when its form shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject acts or  does something . To express ' Importance of Subject' AV is used. In AV , the verb is decided according to the Subject.

He helps his friends .

They help the old beggar.

The above sentences are in AV and the verb is decided according to the Sub.

Passive Voice :- A verb is said to be in the Passive Voice (PV) when its form shows that something is done to the person or thing denoted by the subject . To express ' Importance of Object' PV is used. In PV , the verb is decided according to the Object.

His friends are helped by him.

The old beggar is helped by them.  

The above sentences are in PV and the verb is decided according to the Object.

 

Rules for changing a verb into Passive voice from Active voice:-

(i) Object of Active voice is placed at the place of Subject of Passive voice.

(ii) Now according to the " number, person and tense" of Passive voice, suitable auxiliary is used.

(iii) Main verb of Active voice is always changed into 'V3' ( past participle) . Before ' V3' any form of verb " to be" is used.

(iv) Subject of Active Voice is made "agent" or object of Passive voice. Before this object, Preposition" by" is used to clear the meaning. In a few cases, some other prepositions are used before the object.

(v) When Pronoun is used as subject, then it remains in Nominative Case and when Pronoun is used as object, then it's form changes into Objective Case.

Nominative Case      Objective Case

I                                    me

We                                us

You                               you

He                                 his

She                               her

It                                   it

They                             them

Who                             whom

(vi) when -- one, someone, anyone, somebody, nobody, anybody, everyone, everybody, we, people or any vague/ indefinite -- are used as subject of Active Voice, then it is removed/ hidden in Passive voice.

(vii) With following verbs, Preposition "by" is not used. These verbs take different prepositions:-

known to             pleased with

interested in       prepared for

amazed at           contained in

surprised at        shocked at

knocked at          annoyed at

compared to       disappointed at

satisfied with      etc.

Note:- The voice can be changed from the voice of TRANSITIVE verb only.

(Transitive verb:- Verb ,that always takes an object with it , is called Transitive verb.)

Tense wise change of Voice:-

1) Present Indefinite Tense:-

AV= V1

PV= is/am/are + V3

AV- I write a letter.

PV- A letter is written by me.

AV- He doesn't  write a letter.

PV- A letter is not written by him.

AV- Do they build a new house?

PV- Is a new house built by them?

AV- Where do you teach him?

PV- Where is he taught by you?

AV- Who makes a noise?

PV- By whom a noise is made?

2) Present Continuous Tense:-

AV=is/are/am +V+ing

PV=is/am/are+being+V3

AV- They are eating apples.

PV- Apples are being eaten by them.

AV- She is not making a doll.

PV- A doll is not being made by her.

AV- Am I reading a book?

PV- Is a book being read by me?

AV- What are you doing?

PV- What is being done by you?

As

3) Present Perfect Tense:-

AV=  has/have+V3

PV= has/have+been+V3

AV- We have helped you.

PV- You have been helped by us.

AV- She has completed her painting.

PV- Her painting has been completed by her.

AV- Have they purchased a new car?

PV- Has a new car been purchased by them?

AV- Why have you taken my book?

PV- Why have my book taken by you?

AV- Who has done this mistak

PV- By whom this mistak been done?

4) Past Indefinite Tense :-

AV= V2

PV= was/were+ V3

AV- The teacher taught the lesson.

PV- The lesson was taught by the teacher.

AV- Mohan delivered a speech in school.

PV- A speech was delivered by Mohan in school.

AV- The Gardener planted a rose plant.

PV- A rose rose plant was planted by the gardener.

AV- They gave many toys to the kid .

PV- Many toys were given to the kid by them.

AV- Did the students complete their homework?

PV- Was their homework completed by the students?

AV- Who supported you?

PV- By whom were you supported?

5) Past Continuous Tense :-

AV- was /were+ V1+ing

PV- was/were+ being+V3

AV- The Principal was inspecting the classes.

PV- The classes were being inspected by the Principal.

AV- She was helping me .

PV- I was being helped by her.

AV- The driver was driving the bus .

PV- The bus was being driven by the driver.

AV- The Chief Guest was distributing the prizes.

PV- The prizes were being distributed by the Chief Guest.

AV- Was he writing a letter?

PV- Was a letter being written by him?

6) Past Perfect Tense:-

AV- Had+V3

PV- Had +been+ V3

AV- The fire had destroyed the building.

PV- The building had been destroyed by the fire.

AV- Mohan had not paid his bill.

PV- His bill had not been paid by Mohan.

AV- Had the captain selected the team?

PV- Had the team been selected by the captain?

AV- What had you done?

PV- What had been done by you?

AV- How had you done such a mistake?

PV- How had such a mistake done by you?

7) Future Indefinite Tense:+

AV- shall/will+V1

PV- shall/will + be+V3

AV- She will draw a picture.n

PV- A picture will be drawn by her.

AV- Our school will celebrate the Independence Day.

PV- The Independence Day will be celebrated by our school.

AV- Shall we open the gate?

PV- Will the gate be opened by us?

AV- Will they not help the beggar?

PV- Will the beggar not be helped by them?

AV- When will Ankita pass the final exam?

PV- When will the final exam be passed by Ankita?

8) Future Perfect Tense:-

AV- shall/will+have+V3

PV- shall/will+ have+been+V3

AV- The players will have taken the exercise.

PV- The exercise will have been taken by the players.

AV- The postman will not have delivered the letters.

PV- The letters will not have been delivered by the postman.

AV- Will my brother have painted the wall?

PV- Will the wall have been painted by my brother?

AV- Shall we not have been completed the project?

PV- Will the project not  have been completed by us?

AV- When will he have given this card to him?

PV- When will this card have been given to him by us?

Note:- Both "have not been" and " not have been" are correct.

Steps to change a voice of Interrogative Sentence:-

These kinds of sentence are of two types :-

(1) Starting with Helping Verb:- do, does, did, is , am , are etc.

(2) Starting with WH - words :- what , when, where, why , who,  how etc.

Type (1)

AV- Does he write a letter?

Change Int. into Assertive:-

He writes a letter.

Now change the voice:-

A letter is written by him.

Now put the helping verb first :-

PV- Is a letter written by him?

AV- Will they help the poor?

-- They will help the poor.

-- The poor will be helped by them.

PV- Will the poor be helped by them?

Type (2)

AV- When does she teach the children?

-- (When) does she teach the children?

-- (When) She teaches the children.

-- (When) the children are taught by her.

-- (When) are the children taught by her.

PV- When are the children taught by her?

Others rules and steps will be same .

*Some other types of Sentences*

 

9) Passive voice with Double Object:-

Many sentences have TWO objects. In these sentences, one is Direct Object and the second is Indirect Object. Passive voice can be formed in TWO ways using both the objects. But it will be better to use Direct Object first.

For example--

AV-Mohit offered me a chair. ( two objects)

PV- (i) A chair  was offered to me by Mohit. 

(ii) I was offered a chair by Mohit.

Note - Both the sentences/ voices are correct but example (i) is more proper.

10) Passive voice of Modal auxiliary:-

AV- Sub.+Modal aux.+V1+Obj.

PV- Sub.+Modal aux.+be+V3+Obj.

AV-He can solve the problem.

PV- The problem can be solved by him.

AV- I should help him.

PV- He should be helped by me.

AV- We must follow the rules.

PV- The rules must be followed (by us).

AV- One should keep one's promise.

PV- Promise should be kept.

(see point no (vi)

(10-a)

AV- Sub+ Modal aux. +have + V3+ Obj

PV- Sub+Modal aux. + have + been +V3 +Obj

AV- I could have passed the exam.

PV- The exam could have been passed by me

AV- She must have taken the medicine.

PV- The medicine must have been taken by her.

11) Passive voice of Imperative Sentences:- 

Imperative Sentences always start with a Verb and subject "You" is hidden/ understood.

AV- V1+Obj.+other words.

PV- Let+ Obj.+ be+ V3 + other words.

(a) Imp. Sentences with a command:-

AV- Open the window.

PV-Let the window be opened.

AV- Bring a glass of water.

PV- Let a glass of water be brought.

AV- Don't touch the wires.

PV- Let the wires not be touched.

(b) Imp. Sentences with an advice :-

AV- Help the poor.

PV- The poor should be helped.

AV- Respect your parents.

PV- Parents should be respected.

AV- Don't hurt the animals.

PV- The animals should not be hurt.

(c) Imperative Sentences with kindly/please:-

AV- Kindly help me.

PV- You are requested to help me.

AV- Please give a pen.

PV- You are requested to give a pen.

(d) Imperative Sentences with Intransitive verb:-

AV- Stand up.

PV- You are ordered to stand up.

AV- Don't shout.

PV- You are ordered not to shout.

AV- Run.

PV- You are ordered to run.

(e) Imperative Sentences starting with " Let".

AV- Let me complete this chapter.

PV- Let this chapter be completed by me.

AV- Let us take tea.

PV- Let tea be taken. (by us).

12) Miscellaneous Sentences:-

(a) There + verb....................

AV- There is no money to pay.

PV- There is no money to be paid.

AV- There is time to study.

PV- There is time to be studied.

(b) It+ verb......./ It is time to....

AV- It is time to take tea.

PV- It is time for the tea to be taken.

AV- It is time to prepare for the exams.

PV- It is time for the exams to be prepared.

(c) No use of " by" -

AV- I know him

PV- He is known to me.

AV- She pleased her mother.

PV- Her mother was pleased with her.

AV- This file contains important letters.

PV- Important letters are contained in this file.

(d) Quasi - Passive verbs:-

AV- Rose smells sweet.

PV- Rose is sweet when smelt.

AV- This milk tastes good.

PV- This milk is good when tasted.

AV- The snow feels soft.

PV- The snow is soft when felt.

(e) Passive voice of Infinitive:-

AV- I am to help him.

PV- He is to be helped by me.

AV- You are to forget this.

PV- This is to be forgotten by you.

(f) Passive voice having ' bare infinitive' :-

AV- I made him laugh.

PV- He was made to laugh.(by me)

AV- I saw him go.

PV- He was seen to go. ( by me)

Rajender Tanwar

Lect in English

GGSSS Kairu ( Bhiwani)