ARTICLES

💠💠💠Articles:-

Articles को व्याकरण में Determiners भी कहा जाता है। Articles हमें बताते हैं कि कोई noun वाक्य में सामान्य, विशेष, निश्चित या अनिश्चित रूप  ( general, particular, definite or indefinite form) में प्रयोग हुई है। 

अंग्रेजी भाषा में तीन articles होते हैं:- A, An, The. 

इनमें से "a, an"  को Indefinite articles तथा "the"  को Definite article कहते हैं।

👉A, an का अर्थ:-

A, an का अर्थ होता है ' एक' और यह दोनों one की weak form होते हैं। 

👉 The का अर्थ:-

The का अपने आप में कोई भी अर्थ नही होता है और यह This/ That की weak form होती है।

⌛आर्टिकल के प्रयोग से पहले एक बार अंग्रेजी वर्णमाला के 26 वर्णों (letters) के बारे में जान लेते हैं। इन 26 वर्णों में से पांच स्वर -a,e,i,o,u-( Vowel)  और बाकी 21 व्यंजन ( Consonant) है।

📎📌An का प्रयोग:-

--an का प्रयोग किसी भी noun / word के शुरू में स्वर ध्वनि ( a,e,i,o,u)  आने पर  होता है , जैसे:- 

an apple , an umbrella, an old man, an hour, an heir, an M.P. , an X-ray, an elephant etc.

Note:- अंग्रेजी भाषा में कई शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनका पहला वर्ण silent होता है और अगला वर्ण कोई स्वर होने के कारण उसकी ध्वनि स्वर की हो जाती है, अतः वहां an का ही प्रयोग होगा।

For example:- hour, honest, honour, honourable, heir, heiress,  FIR, MBA. , MLA., etc.

 

📎📌A का प्रयोग:-

--a का प्रयोग किसी भी noun / word के शुरू में व्यंजन ध्वनि ( consonant)  आने पर  होता है , जैसे:- 

a boy, a hat, a good man, a pen, a utensil, a ewe, a European man, a B.A. , a unique pen, etc.

Note -अंग्रेजी भाषा में कई शब्द ऐसे हैं जिनका पहला वर्ण स्वर होने के बाद भी व्यंजन ध्वनि देता है । अतः वहां पर a का प्रयोग होगा।

For example:- unit, ewe, university, universal, union,  one- rupee note, utensil, unique, European etc.

💎💎आम तौर पर नियम यह है कि कोई भी common noun  यदि एकवचन में हो तो उससे पहले किसी आर्टिकल का प्रयोग अवश्य होगा।

💥💥Some other uses of Indefinite Articles:-

(i)  जब किसी sentence  में कोई singular countable Noun पहली बार आती है तो उसके साथ a, an का प्रयोग होता है , जैसे-

Nishu purchased a  book.

Once there was an old man.

(ii)  ऐसी nouns  के साथ भी a, an का प्रयोग होगा जो अपनी सम्पूर्ण जाति का बोध कराती हैं, जैसे:-

An owl can't see in daylight.

A cow gives us  milk.

 

(iii) किसी (profession) व्यवसाय या किसी noun compliment के साथ:-

Ram was a teacher.

Mohan is an honest person.

(iv) a, an का प्रयोग ' प्रति ' ( per) के अर्थ में भी होता है :-

Apples cost hundred rupees a kilo.

A horse can run 40 km an hour.

(v) a, an का प्रयोग सामान्य तौर पर Exclamatory Sentences  (विस्मयादी बोधक) में इस प्रकार होता है:-

What a beautiful picture!

What an intelligent person!

(vi) सामान्य तौर पर किसी भी proper noun ( व्यक्ति वाचक संज्ञा) से पहले कोई भी आर्टिकल नहीं आता है परन्तु जब किसी proper noun को समानता के आधार प्रयोग किया जाता है तो उससे पहले आर्टिकल का प्रयोग होता है:-

He is a Milkha Singh .

Mohan is an Einstein .

💥💥Uses of Definite article' The' :-

(i)  जब किसी वाक्य में कोई noun किसी special reference में प्रयोग की जाती है या  repeat  की जाती है तो उससे पहले The का प्रयोग होगा:-

This is the boy who is the monitor of our class.

Once there was a king. The king was very kind.

(ii) Adjective ( विशेषण ) की superlative degree के साथ हमेशा The का प्रयोग होगा:-

He is the most intelligent student in our school.

Everest is the highest mountain peak of the world.  

(iii)  जब किसी वाक्य में दो comparative degree एक साथ इस प्रकार से आएं तो दोनों के साथ The का प्रयोग होता है:-

The higher you go, the cooler it is.

The more he earns, the more he spends.

(iv) सामान्य तौर पर किसी भी proper noun ( व्यक्ति वाचक संज्ञा) से पहले कोई भी आर्टिकल नहीं आता है परन्तु जब किसी proper noun को समानता के आधार प्रयोग किया जाता है तो उससे पहले आर्टिकल का प्रयोग होता है:-

Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

He is the Dhoni of our team.

(v)

जब School , hospital , temple, court , prison आदि का उल्लेख इनके Actual Purpose के लिए किया जाए तो इनके साथ कोई Article नहीं आता है परन्तु इन स्थानों का उल्लेख अन्य कारणों से किया जाए तो इनके साथ सदैव The का प्रयोग होगा :-

I go to school daily. (No article)

The patient was taken to hospital . ( No article)

परन्तु 

He went to the hospital to visit his sick friend. ( The)

The Minister visited the school yesterday. (The)

(vi) 

निम्नलिखित Nouns को plural बनाने के लिए The का प्रयोग होता है :-

Poor (Sing.) 

The poor ( plural)

Rich (Sing.) 

The rich (plural)  इसी प्रकार

weak, meak ....etc. 

(vii) 

The का प्रयोग इन Nouns से पहले हमेशा होता है :- 

Before the names of :-

Rivers---The Ganga,The Kaveri 

Mountains ---The Himalayas , The Alps 

Islands---The Nicobar

Sea/Oceans---The Red Sea, The Pacific Ocean

Great Books---The Ramayana , The Bible, The Gita

Historical places ---The Hawa Mahal, The Konark Temple, The Taj

Newspapers/ Magazines ---The Tribune , The India Today

Heavenly bodies---The Sun, The Moon, The Venus

Directions---The East, The South

Seasons---The summer, The autumn 

Deserts--- The Sahara, the Thar 

Musical instruments --- The flute, The tabla 

Post/ Designations--- The Chairperson, The Principal 

No use / Omission of Article:-

(1.)
सामान्यतया किसी भी Proper Noun के साथ कोई भी Article प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
India , Mohan , Rohtak , etc. 

(2.)
Uncountable Noun ( Metal & Abstract noun) से पहले भी A /An का प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
gold, Iron, water (X)
(X) Honesty is the best policy . 
(X) Truth always wins. 

(3. )

Plural Noun से पहले भी A /An का प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
A boys, An eyes , A books (X) 

(4.) 
सामान्यतया Name of Meals के साथ भी A /An का प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
A lunch , A breakfast ...... 
परन्तु विशेष उल्लेख होने पर Name of Meals के साथ The का प्रयोग होगा :-
The lunch given by him was very delicious . 

(5.) 
Possessive Adj. ( My, our, your, his, her, them, their आदि ) के Just After भी कोई Article प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
My a shirt , his a brother , your the pen (X )

(6) 
Name of Language/ Subject/ science/ disease से पहले भी Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
 Hindi ,  English,  Maths,  Geography , medicine , malaria, Corona, cancer etc.

(7.) 
किसी भी Game / Sports   से पहले भी कोई Article प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
cricket , boxing , hockey , etc.
(8. ) 
Name of Days /Months/ festivals से पहले भी Article का प्रयोग नहीं होता है :-
Monday,  July , April, Holi, Diwali , Eid etc.

(9. )
केवल adjective के साथ भी कोई article नहीं आता है:-

He is an honest.(X)

Mohan is a good.(X)

(10)

Before self parents भी कोई article प्रयोग नहीं होता है:-

father, mother

**********

--  Rajender Tanwar, Lect. in English

GGSSS Kairu ( 622) Bhiwani

9813546904 

Glimpses of India : 10th Class HBSE / CBSE

 

Glimpses of India (Xth class)

Word Meanings

Part 1- A Baker from Goa: Lucio Rodrigues

glimpses झलक

destinations स्थान,गंतव्य

influence प्रभाव

pen- portrait शब्द चित्रण

traditional परम्परागत

reminiscing  अच्छे दिनों को याद करना

nostalgically बीते समय को याद करना

Portuguese पुर्तगाली

loaves   पावरोटी

vanished  लुप्त होना

moulders मिश्रण तैयार करने वाले

furnaces भट्ठीयां

extinguished बुझ जाना (आग)

thud and jingle ठक ठक और झंकार की आवाज

heralding आने की सूचना देना

profession व्यवसाय

companion साथी

huge विशाल 

vertical लंबवत

mild rebuke हल्की झिड़की

parapet ऊंची मुंडेर आदि

typical ख़ास किस्म का

fragrance महक

plucking तोड़ना

feast उत्सव

occasion अवसर

engagement सगाई

absolutely पूरी तरह

essential  अति आवश्यक

peculiar विशेष

comment टिप्पणी

usually  प्राय

indeed वास्तव में

profitable लाभदायक

prosperous धनी , संपन्न

plump मोटा

physique शारीरिक बनावट

testimony सबूत

appearance दिखना, हाव भाव

Part 2- Coorg : Lokesh Abrol

rain forest बरसाती वन

coastal समुद्री तटीय

heaven स्वर्ग

drifted धीरे से खिसक कर आना

inhabited बसा हुआ

martial शूरवीर , लड़ाका

ever green  सदा बहार

commence शुरू होना

invigorating ऊर्जा प्रदान करने वाला

colonial अंग्रेजो के समय का, औपनिवेशिक

prime सर्वश्रेष्ठ

fiercely उग्रता से

independent स्वतंत्र

descent वंश 

impractical अव्यावहारिक

apparent स्पष्ट

distinct विशेष, सुस्पष्ट

embroidered बेल बूटेदार

hospitality आवभगत 

numerous असंख्य

tales लंबी कहानियां

valour शौर्य

firearms शस्त्र 

squirrel गिलहरी

splash छपाक

ripple छोटी लहर या तरंग 

individual व्यक्तिगत

convert बदलना

rafting रबड़ की नाव से या फट्टों से बनी बेड़ी से नौकायन 

canoeing लकड़ी की छोटी पतली नाव की सवारी

rappelling रस्सी की सहायता से सीधी पहाड़ी पर चढ़ना

region क्षेत्र

trail कच्ची पगडंडी

trekkers पहाड़ों की सैर करने वाले

slender पतला, छरहरा

canopy पेड़ की कोटर

panoramic किसी विशाल क्षेत्र का विस्तृत दृश्य

misty धुंध भरा

settlement बस्ती

ochre गेरुआ रंग

Part-3 Tea From Assam:

Arup Kumar Dutta

vacation लम्बी छुट्टियां

vendor फेरी वाले

sipped घूंट भर कर पीना

compartment रेल का डिब्बा

detective जासूस

ardent प्रबल 

paddy धान

magnificent शानदार

densely सघन रूप से, गहन

dwarfing तुलना में छोटा करना

sturdy मजबूत

concentration गहरा चिन्तन, ध्यान केन्द्रित करना

legends पौराणिक कथाएं

twigs टहनियां

delicious स्वादिष्ट

scoffed हंसी करना

ascetic अनुयायी

eyelids पलक

meditation समाधि

banished गायब होना

beverage पेय पदार्थ

clattered लोहे के टकराने की आवाज

veered अचानक तेजी से बढ़ना

pruned कटाई करना, कतरना

plucking तोड़ना

sprouted नई कोंपले फूटना

second flush दूसरा फुटाव

yields (उपज) प्रदान करना

MCQs: Glimpses Of India Part 1

Q1- Who is the author of the chapter ‘A Baker from Goa’?

Ans- Lucio Rodrigues.

Q2- Who ruled over Goa?
Ans-The Portuguese.
Q3- What are the elders in Goa nostalgic about?
Ans- Old Portuguese days.
Q4- The Baker made his musical entry___
Ans- With the ‘Jhang - Jhang’ sound.
Q5- What are the bakers known in Goa?  
Ans- Pader.
Q6- What was called Kabai?  
Ans- Baker’s dress.
Q7- What did the author long for?  
Ans- Bread bangles.
Q8- How many times did the baker visit the village every day?
Ans- Twice.
Q9- It was a fashion in Goa to eat bread with__
Ans- Coffee.
Q10- What items were must in Goa for Christmas?
Ans- Bolinhas and cakes.
Q11- Whose presence is very essential in each village of Goa ?
Ans- Traditional baker.
Q13- Which one of the following task is done by a baker?
Ans- Baking of the loaves.
Q14- What was the baker for the people?
Ans- Friend , guide and companion .
Q15 -Which name is used for the sweet bread?
Ans- Bol.
Q16- What type of people are bakers?
Ans- Prosperous.
Q17- How were the bakers in their physiques?
Ans- Plump.
Q18- What type of profession was bread baking in Goa in those days?
Ans- Profitable.
Q19- How is the family profession of baking still carried on?
Ans- By their sons.
Q20- Where were the monthly accounts of the baker recorded?
Ans- On a wall, with a pencil.
Q21- The jingling thud of the baker’s bamboo wakes up---------

Ans- The children.
Q22- When does the baker usually collect his bills?
Ans- At the end of the month.
Q23- What does the word ’physique’ mean?
Ans- Physical structure.
Q24-  A person with a jack-fruit like appearance is compared to……….
Ans- A baker.
Q25- Who are called collectively the makers of bread?

Ans- The mixers, the moulders and the baker.
Q26-What do still exist in Goa?
Ans- The age-old, time- tested furnaces.
Q26-Who would push aside the kids?
Ans- The baker.
Q27- Why did the kids climb the bench or parapet?
Ans- To look /peep into the basket.
Q28- What did the baker have for the kids?
Ans- Bangle breads.
Q29- What did the baker have for the elders?

Ans- Loaves.
Q30-How did the author /narrator brush his teeth?
Ans- He used mango- leaf for brushing teeth.
Q31- What do you mean by jackfruit-like physical appearance?
Ans- It means a plump physical structure.

🌴🌴🌳🌴🌳

Part 1-(A Baker from Goa) Textual Exercise

Q1- What are the elders in Goa nostalgic about?

Ans- The elders in Goa are nostalgic about the old Portuguese people and their famous loaves of bread. They think of those good old days. They recall the baker who used to make delicious loaves of bread for them.

Q2- Is bread making still popular in Goa? How do you know?

Ans- Yes, bread making is still popular in Goa. The Portuguese have left. But the makers of bread are still there. The sons still carry on the profession of their fathers.

Q3- When would the baker come every day? Why did children run to the baker?

Ans- The baker would come in the morning. He came with the loaves of bread. Sometimes, he came with sweet bread of special kind. Children liked bread - bangles and sweet bread very much. So they run to him.

Q4- Why does the author call the baker  his childhood friend, companion and guide?

Ans- The baker came daily with bread - bangles for the author. He also took care for their taste. Children would wake up after his musical entry. So the baker was called a friend, companion and guide.

Q5- How did the baker make his entry in the morning?

Ans- The baker came with " thud and jingle" sound of his traditional bamboo. He carried his basket on his head with one hand. With the other hand, he would bang the bamboo on the ground.

Q6- Describe the baker's dress.

Ans- In old Portuguese days, the baker used to wear a long frock. It reached down to his knees. It was called the " Kabai" After this , the baker used to wear half pants up to his knees.

Q7- When does the baker collect his bills? How are the accounts recorded?

Ans- The baker usually collects his bills at the end of the month. The accounts are recorded on some walls. They are written in pencil.

Q8- What showed that baker were prosperous?

Ans- The baker and his family never starved. They always had money. They always looked happy and fat. They were called " jackfruit - shaped" in fun. All this showed that the bakers were prosperous.

Q9- How is the village baker very important for special occasions in the village?

Ans- Bread is indeed an important part of Goan life. It is also an important part of every important occasion ,  party and feast. Marriage gifts are meaningless without the " bol". Cakes and " bolinhas" are must for Christmas. All this shows that village baker is very important for special occasions in the village.

Q10- Give a pen - portrait of a Goan village baker?

Ans- The baker had a very important role in the Goan daily life. He is called " Pader" in local language. He would come in the morning. He came with " thud and jingle" sound of his traditional bamboo. He carried his basket on his head with one hand. With the other hand, he would bang the bamboo in the ground. He came with loaves of bread. Sometimes he came with sweet breads of special make. He used to be a good friend of children. He was a very important person of the village. He used to wear a special long frock called " Kabai".

***********

Part 2- (Coorg) Textual Exercise

Q1- Where is Coorg situated? What is it famous for?

Ans- Coorg is the smallest district of Karnataka. It is about 250 kms. from Bengaluru. It is mid way between Mysore and Mangalore. It is famous for its spices and coffee plantation. The people of Coorg - Coorgi - are known for their bravery, beauty and hospitality.

Q2- What is the story about the Kodavu people's descent?

Ans-There are two stories about the Coorgi descent. One story says that they are descended from the Greeks. Their rituals are like those of Greeks. The other story says that they are descended from the Arabs. Their long coat called " kuppia" is same as the " kuffia" worn by the Arabs. 

Coorgi traditional dress ( with courtesy)

Q3- What does the author say about the bravery of Coorgi people?

Ans- The Coorgi people are very brave people. There are many tales about their bravery. The Coorg Regiment is one of the most decorated regiment of Indian Army. Coorgi people can carry firearms without any license. These people are very fond of adventure sports.

Q4- What is Coorg famous for? What is the best season to visit Coorg?

Ans- Coorg is famous for its spices and coffee plantation. There are a lot of adventure sports like rafting, canoeing, rappelling, rock climbing and mountain biking. We can go to Coorg from Bengaluru by road. The best season to visit Coorg is from September to March. The weather of Coorg remains very pleasant. The air breathes of refreshing coffee.

Water sports Rafting

Q5- Write a note on the climate and natural wealth of Coorg?

Ans- Coorg is the smallest district of Karnataka. Coorg is like a piece of heave on earth. It is land of rolling hills. There are heavy rains during the monsoon. Thirty percent of its land is covered with evergreen forests. Coorg is famous for its spices and coffee plantation. The river Kaveri gets its water from the hills and forests of Coorg. There are a lot of Kingfishers, squirrels, langurs and elephants. The best season to visit Coorg is from September to March. From Brahamgiri hills , we can see a large scene of the misty landscape of Coorg. 

Coorg : Panoramic view

🚴🧗🚣🪂🌲🌲🌲🌲

Part 3-( Tea From Assam) Textual Exercise

Q1- Who were Pranjol and Rajvir? Where they were going?

Ans- Pranjol and Rajvir were classmates. They were studying in a school in Delhi. Pranjol's father was a manager in a tea garden in Assam. Rajvir belonged to Delhi. The two boys were going to Assam to spend their summer vacation. They were going by train. 

Q2- What happened when the train stopped at the first station of Assam?

Ans- A vendor came selling hot tea in their compartment. Pranjol and Rajvir got from him two cups of tea. They began to sip the hot tea. Soon they saw that almost everyone in the compartment was drinking tea.

Q3- Where was tea first drunk? When did it come to Europe?

Ans- Tea was first drunk in China about 5000 years ago. In fact, words like " chai" and " chini" are from China. Tea came to Europe only 400 years ago. It was at first a medicine, not a beverage.

Q4- What is the Chinese legend about the discovery of tea?

Ans- Once there was a Chinese Emperor in ancient China. He always boiled water before drinking it. One day, a few leaves of the twigs burning under the pot fell into the water. It gave water a delicious taste and flavour. It is said that those were tea leaves. This story seems to be true than Indian story.

Q5- What is the Indian legend about the discovery of tea?

Ans- There was a Buddhist monk named Bodhi Dharma. He often felt sleepy during his meditations. To stop this, he cut off his eyelids . It is said that ten tea plants grew out of these eyelids. When the leaves of this plant put in hot water and drunk , it banished sleep.

Plucking tea leaves