Narration:- In simple words, Narration is to narrate or to tell about something. In grammar, it is a way to write about any statement etc.
Narration :-
1.- Direct Speech
2.- Indirect Speech
Let's us make it more clear :-
1.- Direct Speech:- When the statement of speaker is expressed / written in the same words of the speaker himself, it is called Direct Speech (DS).
Direct Speech is always written in inverted comma ( ,"......." )
For ex.
Nakul said to Varun , "I am reading a book."
2.- Indirect Speech:- When the statement of speaker is expressed/ written/ told by someone else with a slight change (s) in form of statement ( not the main substance of statement) , then it is called Indirect Speech (IS).
For ex.
Nakul told Varun that he was reading a book.
Direct Speech has TWO parts :-
1.- Reporting Speech :- That part of Direct Speech, which remains outside the inverted comma is called Reporting Speech.
In above sentence-- Nakul said to Varun-- is Reporting Speech.
Reporting Verb :- Main verb of reporting speech is called Reporting Verb .
In above sentence -- said to -- is reporting Verb.
2.- Reported Speech :- That part of Direct Speech which remains between/ into the inverted comma is called Reported Speech.
In above sentence -- , " I am reading a book." -- is Reported Speech.
Reported Verb:- The verb of reported speech is called reported Verb.
In given sentence -- am reading -- is reported verb.
How to change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:-
There are some basic and pre- defined rules to change a form of speech from D.S. to I.S. These rules can be divided in TWO types :-
(A) General Rules
(B) Special Rules
(A) General Rules:-
1.- Change of Person
2.- Change of Pronoun
3.- Change of Adverbs
1.- Change of Person:- When Direct Speech is changed into Ind. Speech , then all the pronouns in the inverted comma , ( reported speech) change as per manner given below :-
(a) 1st - First person of reported speech is changes as per the Subject of reporting Verb.
(a) 2nd - Second person of reported speech is changes as per Object of reporting verb.
(c) 3rd - Third person of reported speech Never changes.
This formula is known as
1 2 3
S O N
Table for change of Pronoun:-
1st 2nd 3rd
person person person
I You He/She
My. Your. Him/Her
Me. You. His/Her
We. You They
Our. Your. Their
Us. You. Them
Myself Yourself Himself/ herself
Ourselves Yourselves. Themselves
2.-- Change of Tense:-
*a) If the reporting verb is in Present or Future Tense then there is no change of tense of reported speech but other changes will take place. For ex.
D.S. -- Vivek says to Rohan," I am ready to help you."
I.S.-- Vivek tells Rohan that he is ready to help him.
D.S.--Manav will say to Aseem," I am not coming with you."
I.S.-- Manav will tell Aseem that he is not coming with him.
*b) If the reporting verb is in Past tense, then the tense of reported speech changes into given manner :-
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Ind. Past Ind.
Present Conti. Past Conti.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Pre.Perfect Cont. Past Perfect Cont.
Past Ind. Past Perfect
Past Cont. Past Perfect Cont.
Other tenses. No change
*c) Change of Verb ( Helping)
Direct Speech Ind. Speech
Shall Should
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
Is/am/are was/ were
Has/have had
Was/were had been
Has/have/ had to
had to
3.- Change of Adverbs:-
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
This that
These those
Here there
Hence thence
Now then
Ago before
Come go
Thus so
Today that day
Tomorrow the next day
Yesterday the previous day
Last week the previous week
Next week the following week
Tense wise examples for change of narration :-
1-Present Ind. ------------->Past Ind.
a) He said to me," I write a letter."
He told me that he wrote a letter
b) The teacher said," Rajan works hard."
The teacher said that Rajan worked hard.
2-Present Cont. --------->Past Cont.
a) I said to Kamal," I am making a doll for you."
I told Kamal that I was making a doll for her.
b) The teacher said to Raj ," You are not doing your homework."
The teacher told Raj that he was not doing his homework.
3- Present Perfect --> Past Perfect
a) She said to me," They have never helped me."
She told me that they had never helped her.
b) My mother said to him," You have scored good marks."
My mother told him that he had scored good marks.
4-- Present Perfect Cont------> Past Perfect Cont.
a) His friend said to me, " I have been working in this firm since 1989.''
His friend told me that he had been working in that firm since 1989.
b) Nikita said ," My sister has been making a drawing since morning."
Nikita said that her sister had been making a drawing since morning.
5-- Past Ind. ----------> Past Perfect
a) Rajan said," I bought this book yesterday."
Rajan said that he had bought that book the previous day.
b) The teacher said," He came late."
The teacher said that he had come late.
6- Past Cont. ------ Past Perfect Cont.
a) The artist said to his son," I was making a toy for you."
The artist told his son that he had been making a toy for him.
b) Vivek said, " She was dancing on the stage."
Vivek said that she had been dancing on stage.
* Note -- If the reporting verb is in Past tense and there is any Universal/ Historical/ Proverbial/ Habitual Truth in reported speech, then it's tense never changes.
For ex:-
..My father said to me , " Honesty is the best policy."
My father told me that honesty is the best policy.
..The teacher said to the students, " Gandhi ji died in 1948."
The teacher told the students that Gandhi ji died in 1948.
********
(B) Special Rules:-
Special rules are applied on the sentences types given below:-
(i) Interrogative Sentences
(ii) Optative Sentences
(iii) Imperative Sentences
(iv) Exclamatory Sentences
(v) Miscellaneous Sentences
(i) Interrogative Sentences:-
We know that Interrogative Sentences are of two types:-
Type A.
Intero. sentences beginning with a helping verb
How to change a narration of Type A sentence:-
i) If / whether is used at the place of inverted comma.
ii) 'asked/ inquired/ demanded ' are used at the place of' said' , ' said to', not 'told'.
iii) Interr. sentences is changed into Assertive sentence before changing the Narration.
iv) Full stop ( .) is used at the end of sentence, replacing ( ?).
v) Other rules ( Change of person , adverb and tense) will remain as the general rules.
Let's understand:-
... She said to her mother, " Are you coming with me?"
Step 1- She said to her mother," You are coming with me."
Step 2- She asked her mother if she was coming with her.
Ex
The coach said to Rohan, " Can you swim in this pool ?"
Step1- The coach said to Rohan, " You can swim in this pool.
Step2- The coach asked Rohan if he could swim in that pool.
Type B
Interro. sentences with WH- words/ Interrogative pronouns or adverbs ( what, when, why , which, how etc.
All the rules will be same as type A sentence. The only difference is that no conjunction (that/ if/ whether) is used at the place of inverted comma. Sentence would be start from WH- words only in Indirect Speech .
Ex.
The teacher said to the student, " What is your name?"
Step 1- The teacher said to the student," What your name is?"
Step 2- The teacher asked the student what his name was.
(ii) Optative Sentences:-
In Optative Sentences, there is a wish, bless, pray, curse etc. To change a narration, -- say, says, says to, said to -- are changed into -- wished, blessed , prayed, cursed etc.- ad per the emotions expressed in the given sentence. Other all rules will be as same as the other sentences.
Ex.
-- The old beggar said to me , " May you live long!"
The old beggar wished / blessed me that I might live long.
-- My mother said to him," May God bless you!"
My mother prayed that God might bless him.
(iii) Imperative Sentences:-
We know that Imperative Sentences always start with a Verb and there is a sense of order, advice, prohibition, request, invitation, suggestion etc.
Steps to change a narration of Imperative Sentence:-
i)- Reporting Verb ( say, says, said to etc.) is changed into ordered, advised, prohibited, requested, invited etc . as per the mood of the sentence.
ii)- Imperative mood is changed into infinitive mood. Starting verb of imperative sentence is used with a "to" before it. In negative sentence, "not to" is used.
iii)- Other rules about person and tense will be same.
Ex.
The teacher said to the students," Complete your homework."
The teacher ordered/ asked/ told the students to complete their homework.
The farmer said to me, " Please buy some vegetables from me."
The farmer requested me to buy some vegetables from him.
My father said to my brother, " Do not waste your time."
My father advised my brother not to waste his time. or
My father forbade my brother to waste his time. or
My father prohibited my brother from wasting his time.
Note:- 'Forbid' and 'Prohibited' express negative sense . 'Forbid' is used with 'to' and ' Prohibited' is used with 'from'. After 'to' , V1 is used and after ' from' ,V1+ing is used.
iv) Exclamatory Sentences:-
In Exclamatory Sentences, there is an ' Interjection word' at the beginning and mark (!) is used at the end.
While changing the Narration, inverted comma is removed and replaced with' that' . Interjection word is also removed.
Reporting Verb is changed into "exclaimed/ exclaimed with" and a suitable word is used to express the feeling:-
- for Aha/ Ha/ Hurrah --> exclaimed with joy
- for alas/ oh/ ooh/ ah/ oh God--> exclaimed with sorrow
- for oh, what, hey --> exclaimed with surprise
- for bravo, well done --> exclaimed with applause.
At the end of sentence, (.) is used. Other rules will be same.
DS.- She said," What a beautiful doll it is!"
IS.- She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful doll.
DS.- The merchant said, " Alas! my horse is dear!"
IS.- The merchant exclaimed with sorrow that his horse was dead.
DS.- He said, " What! you are here!"
IS.- He exclaimed with surprise that he was there.
Rajender Tanwar .
PGT English.....
GGSSS KAIRU ..........
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