FIGURE OF SPEECH

 

Figure of Speech:- A ' Figure of Speech' is a word or phrase that has a separate meaning from its literal definition. It is used in a non - literal way to create an effect. We can say it ' Figurative speech' or ' poetic devices' . 

भाषा अलंकार :- अलंकार का अर्थ होता है आभूषण , सजावट आदि। जब भाषा का सौंदर्य बढ़ाने के लिए कुछ शब्दों या वाक्यांश का उनके  वास्तविक अर्थ से भिन्न अर्थ के लिए किया जाए , उसे अलंकार कहते हैं। 

Some Figures of Speech :-

1. Simile ( सिमलि ) उपमा अलंकार :- "Simile" is a word or phrase that compares two different things to show  similarity to something else , using the word  ' like' / 'as like as' / 'as' / 'so'. 

Simile अर्थात उपमा अलंकार किंही भी दो असमान वस्तुओं में कोई एक समान विशेषता या गुण के होने पर उनमें समानता दर्शाने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे किसी  सफेद वस्तु को उसके रंग के कारण कह दिया जाए कि- " ऐसी सफेद जैसी बर्फ "।

For Ex. :-

As white as snow .

The fog moves like a cat. 

The clouds were like huge mountains.

Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears. 

His face was like a stone. 

As proud as peacock, as soft as silk , etc.

2. Metaphor ( मेटाफर ) रूपक /लक्षणा :- '' Metaphor " is a word or phrase that is used in an imaginative way to show that somebody / something has the same qualities as another thing .

Like the simile , a metaphor also compares two or more dissimilar objects to bring out the similarity between them. The main difference between the metaphor and simile , is that this comparison is made without using the adverbs ' like', 'as like' or ' as like as '. A metaphor does not state that one thing is like another or acts as another, but takes that for granted and mentions them as if the two things were one. 

रूपक अलंकार और उपमा अलंकार लगभग समान ही होते है । यह अलंकार भी किंही दो भिन्न भिन्न वस्तुओं आदि में समानता दर्शाने के लिए प्रयोग होता है । परन्तु रूपक अलंकार और उपमा अलंकार में मुख्य भेद यह है कि तुलना करते समय इसमें ' जैसे ', ' जैसे कि '  ,' उसके समान ' आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता। 

For ex.:-

He was a lion in the fight.

Life is a dream.

The news was a dagger to his heart. 

The camel is the ship of the desert. 

Lencho was a man of ox.

The king had a heart of gold.

M. Hamel left the  school with  a  broken heart. 

Time is a great healer.

Elements of Metaphor:-

A Metaphor can be  analyzed into two elements. 

(a) Tenor- The subject to which the metaphoric word is applied. 

(b) Vehicle- The metaphoric word itself .

for ex. in the sentence "Lencho was a man of ox. " -- 'Lencho' is tenor and --'a man of ox ' is vehicle. 

3. Alliteration (अनुप्रास ) :- In Alliteration, a consonant sound is repeatedly used in a sentence or stanza to produce a sound effect . It increases the beauty of the said/written line.

अनुप्रास अलंकार का साहित्य में सर्वाधिक प्रयोग होता है। भाषा का सौंदर्य बढ़ाने के लिए  किसी भी पंक्ति में या शब्दों के क्रम में व्यंजन ध्वनियों को बार बार दोहराया जाता है और यही अनुप्रास अलंकार होता है। 

For ex.

- Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears.

-"Water water everywhere

Not a drop to drink."

-" Sing a song of six pence"

4. Personification (मानवीकरण) :- Personification means speaking of a lifeless object or an abstract idea as if it were a living object. In this device, human qualities are attributed to inanimate or non- human beings. 

मानवीकरण अलंकार में निर्जीव या गैर - मानवी वस्तुओं को मानवीय गुण प्रदान कर दिए जाते हैं और उन्हें सजीव या मानव समझ कर संबोधित किया जाता है। 

For example:-

"Oh wind, sing a sweet song."

" Death lays it's icy hands on Kings "

" Little sorrows sit and weep."

5. Hyperbole (अतिशयोक्ति) :- This figure of speech is often used to exaggerate the emotions portrayed in poetry or prose . Hyperbole makes common things, people , actions and emotions appear extraordinary and " larger than life". The term has its origin in the Greek word ' hyperbol' , which means exaggeration. 

काव्य या गद्य में भावनाओं को बढ़ा चढ़ा कर प्रदर्शित करने के लिए इस अलंकार का प्रयोग किया जाता है। अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार सामान्य वस्तुओं, लोगों, कार्यों और भावनाओं को असाधारण रूप प्रदान कर देता है । साहित्य से लेकर आम बोलचाल में इसका प्रयोग बहुधा किया जाता है। 

He is so hungry he could eat a horse.

I walked a million miles to get here.

He is as light as a feather.

My brother is drowning in paperwork. 

The driver drove faster than a bullet.

6. Irony (विडम्बना) :- Irony is a sharp contrast of expectation between what is said and what is meant or what is expected in a particular circumstance or behaviour. In an ironic statement the literal meaning of what is said is different from what is actually means or wants to convey to the audience. 

Here is the most famous example of irony , taken from Coleridge's " The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" :-

"Water, water , everywhere

And all the boards did sink;

Water, water, everywhere

Not any drop to drink."

Rajender Tanwar

Lect in English 

GGSSS Kairu(Bhiwani)